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棋子、棋盘和行棋
围棋由两名棋手来下，一人持黑子，一人持白子，行棋时每人下一
个棋子在棋盘上（唯一的例外是黑子的第一步，会在下面的让先和让子
部分作解），两人交替下子。任何棋手都可以在任何时候弃掉一步棋，
当然他这样做的唯一原因是他认为没有对自己有利的棋可下，通常发生
在游戏后期。既然黑子行第一步，那么两个棋手中较弱一方会持黑子。
如果两个棋手实力相当，黑白就随机分配。与其它的棋盘游戏（比如西
洋棋）不同，围棋棋子落在棋盘格子线的交叉点上，而不是格子中；也
可以落在边角的点上。游戏使用19＊19的格子棋盘，因此共有361个交
叉点。
让先和让子
如果两个选手实力悬殊大，较弱的棋手有时会被让先，允许他持
黑子，先行一步；有时甚至被让子，即在他行第一步棋时，允许下多
达9个黑子（取决于让子的程度）。
目标
与战争很像，围棋的目标是通过包围来夺取领地。棋手也可以通
过包围来提子（以此获得更多领地）。领地和提子都会在后面进行更
详细的解释。
一条链和一块棋
直线紧邻（但不能对角）的棋子会形成一条链。一旦形成，便
不可分隔，因此实际上成为一块大的棋子。一条链不一定只是一条直
线；可以由数条相连的线组成。当一条链发展成若干条线时，棋手往
往将它视为一个整体，叫作一块棋。一条链和一块棋之间没有分别。
气
如右图中所示的黑点和白点，这些与棋子紧邻的空白交叉点被称
为气（围棋基本术语之一）。有几个紧邻的空白交叉点，我们就说它
有几口气。一块棋中任何一个棋子的气都是整块棋的气。要在棋盘上
生存，必须至少存在一口气。气可以被视为逃跑线路。
The stones,
boardandmoves
Go is playedbetween twoplayers, one usingblack stones and the
otherwhite stones, with eachplayer placing a single stoneonhismove
(withtheonlypossibleexceptionbeingblack’sfirstmove, this isexplained
in the ‘handicap’ section below). Themoves alternate between the two
players.Eitherplayermaypasshisturnatanytime,butofcoursehewould
do soonly ifhebelieved therearenomoves tohisadvantage remaining.
Usually this happens late in thegame. Sinceblackmakes thefirstmove,
theweaker of the two players takes the black stones. If players are of a
similarskill, thecoloursareallocated randomly.Unlikeotherboardgames
suchaschess, thestonesareplacedon the intersectionof theboard’sgrid
lines rather than inside the squares. Stonesmaybeplacedon theedges
andcorners, just likeanyother intersection.Theboard isa squareof 19x
19grid lines, so thereare361 intersections in total.
Handicap
If there is a substantial skill difference between the players,
sometimestheweakerplayer isgivenahandicap.He isallowedtotakethe
black stones, thusmovingfirst, and sometimes onhis firstmove instead
of placing the usual one stone, he is allowed toplace up tonine stones
(dependingon the sizeof thehandicap).
Objective
Much likewar, the objective of the game is to obtain territory by
surrounding it. A player can also capture his opponent’s stones (and
thusmore territory)by surrounding them.Territoryandcaptureareboth
explained inmoredetail below.
Chainsandgroups
Stonescanbe linkedbyplacing themadjacent tooneanothereither
verticallyorhorizontally (butnotdiagonally) to formachain (sometimes
called a string). Once a chainhas been formed it cannot bedivided into
smaller chains and essentiallybecomes one large stone. The chaindoes
nothave tobeone single lineof stones; a singlechaincanhavemultiple
interconnected linesofstones.Asthechainmaturesandgrowsmorethan
a few lines, players tend to think of the chain as a ‘group’, nevertheless
under the rules there isnodifferencebetweenachainandagroup.
Liberties
As indicatedby theblackandwhitedots in thediagrambelow, the
vacant intersections on the board neighbouring each stone are known
as ‘liberties’. A liberty for anyparticular stone is a liberty for every single
stone in itschain.At leastone libertymustbepresent toallow that chain
to remainon theboard. Liberties canbe thoughtof as ‘escape routes’.
第十期
2011
年
5
月
/6
月
|
ISSUENO.10MAY/JUN2011
